Earth and climate sciences do not have a consensus citation style. When writing for a course assignment, consult your professor for guidance on selecting a style.
Professional Earth and climate scientists are typically required to adopt the citation style used by the journal publishing their research article. Descriptions for formatting both in-text and bibliography citations are typically given on an "Instructions for Authors" page (or similarly named page) on the journal publisher's website. For example, you can find the Geological Society of America's Instructions for "Preparing Your Manuscript" here.
A link to the Manuscript Submission Format and Style instructions for GSA published journals (e.g. Geology, GSA Bulletin, and Geosphere).
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In the absence of a required citation style, might consider using one of the widely used citation styles (i.e. Chicago, APA, MLA) described in detail on the Bates Library "Citing Sources" guide.
A library guide with descriptions of and examples for creating both in-text citations and bibliography entries for many commonly used source types in the Chicago, APA, and MLA citation styles.