Biology 204 - Biological Research Experience: Molecules to Ecosystems

What if no one is listed as the author?

No Listed Author (CMS 13.81)

Publications with no author listed and that are not produced by a company or organization are considered anonymous works.

In general, the reference list citation simply begins with title of the work.  For in-text citations, instead of "anonymous" include the first few words reference list citation and the year.

Organization as Author (CMS 13.86)

Publications with no author listed that are produced by companies or organizations are considered "authored" by that company or organization.

Journal article with 1 author

In-text: (Damuth 1987)

Reference List Citation:

Damuth, John. 1987. "Interspecific Allometry of Population Density in Mammals and Other Animals: The Independence of Body Mass and Population Energy‐use." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 31 (3): 193-246. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1987.tb01990.x.

Journal article with 2 authors

In-text: (Greenberg and McGrane 1996)

Reference List Citation:

Greenberg, Cathryn H., and Arlene McGrane. 1996. “A Comparison of Relative Abundance and Biomass of Ground-Dwelling Arthropods under Different Forest Management Practices.” Forest Ecology and Management 89 (1–3): 31–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(96)03868-6.

Journal article with more than 2 authors

In-text: (Reuman et al. 2008)

Reference List Citation:

Reuman, Daniel C., Christian Mulder, Dave Raffaelli, and Joel E. Cohen. 2008. “Three Allometric Relations of Population Density to Body Mass: Theoretical Integration and Empirical Tests in 149 Food Webs.” Ecology Letters 11 (11): 1216–28. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01236.x.

In-text: (White et al. 2007)

Reference List Citation:

White, Ethan P., S. K. Morgan Ernest, Andrew J. Kerkhoff, and Brian J. Enquist. 2007. "Relationships between Body Size and Abundance in Ecology." Trends in Ecology and Evolution 22 (6): 323-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2007.03.007.

[Note: For three or more authors, list up to six in the reference list; for more than six authors, list the first three, followed by “et al.” (“and others”). In the text, list only the first, followed by “et al.” CMOS 13.81.]

Online Only (Electronic) Journal Article with more than 2 authors

In-text: (MacLean et al. 2008)

Reference List Citation:

MacLean, Heidi J., Jesper G. Sørensen, Torsten N. Kristensen, Volker Loeschcke, Kristian Beedholm, Vanessa Kellermann et al. 2019. “Evolution and Plasticity of Thermal Performance: An Analysis of Variation in Thermal Tolerance and Fitness in 22 Drosophila Species.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374 (1778): 20180548. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0548.

In-text: (Sheldon et al. 2020)

Reference List Citation:

Sheldon, Kimberly S., Mojgan Padash, Amanda W. Carter, and Katie E. Marshall. 2020. “Different Amplitudes of Temperature Fluctuation Induce Distinct Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Responses in the Dung Beetle Phanaeus Vindex.” The Journal of Experimental Biology 223 (23): jeb233239. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.233239.

Book with 2 authors

In-text: (Legendre and Legendre 2012)

Reference List Citation:

Legendre, Pierre, and Louis Legendre. 2012. Numerical Ecology. Third English. Vol. 24. Developments in Environmental Modeling. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Book chapter with more than 2 authors

In-text: (Rosenzweig et al. 2011)

Reference List Citation:

Rosenzweig, M. L., J. Donoghue, Y. M. Li, and C. Yan. 2011. “Estimating Species Density.” In Biological Diversity: Frontiers in Measurement and Assessment, edited by Anne E. Magurran and Brian J. McGill, 276–88. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

[Note: The page range for a book chapter is no longer required (see CMOS 14.8). But you must provide specific pages in the in-text citation. CMOS 14.8.]

Online Artwork (e.g. JSTOR Images)

In-text: (Loughran 2011)

Reference List Citation:

Loughran, Glenn. 2011. Squatter Sovereignty: Origami Fireworks. Folded paper, Popular Sovereignty texts (1847). https://jstor.org/stable/community.15616905.

In-text: (Chikanobu 1890)

Reference List Citation:

Chikanobu, Yoshu. 1890. Children Doing Origami. Ink on Paper. Ruth Chandler Williamson Gallery, Scripps College. https://jstor.org/stable/community.12173031.

Wikimedia Commons Image

In-text: (praaeew 2019)

Reference List Citation:

praaeew. 2019. Plum Kusudama (English). Digital photograph of folded paper. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Origami_163.jpg.

In-text: (WikiGenesis 2022)

Reference List Citation:

WikiGenesis. 2022. Animaux En Origami (Français). Digital photograph of folded paper. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Origami_Animaux.jpg.

Newspaper Article

In-text: (Overton 2023)

Reference List Citation:

Overton, Penelope. 2023. “Contaminated Farm in Unity to Become PFAS Research Site.” Portland Press Herald, October 6, 2023. https://www.pressherald.com/2023/10/06/contaminated-unity-farm-to-become-pfas-research-site/.

Website (With Organization as Author)

In-text: (NFU 2022)

Reference List Citation:

NFU. 2022. “How Farmers Can Improve Soil Health.” National Farmer’s Union (NFU) of England and Wales. July 14, 2022. https://www.nfuonline.com/updates-and-information/8-actions-farmers-can-take-to-improve-soil-health/.

PhD Dissertation

In-text: (Zhou 201)

Reference List Citation:

Zhou, Shanshan. 2011. “Genetic Basis of Phenotypic Plasticity in Drosophila Melanogaster.” Dissertation, Ann Arbor: North Carolina State University. https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/genetic-basis-phenotypic-plasticity-i-drosophila/docview/1034734612/se-2.